02-05-2008 - Re-Establish Sister-City Relationship with City of Toluca, Mexico• City of West Covina
Memorandum
TO:
FROM:
Andrew G. Pasmant, City Manager
and City Council
Artie A. Fields, Assistant City Manager
AGENDA
ITEM NO. H - 4
DATE February 5, 2008
SUBJECT: RE-ESTABLISH SISTER -CITY RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CITY OF
TOLUCA, MEXICO
RECOMMENDATION:
It is recommended that the City Council direct staff accordingly.
DISCUSSION:
Mayor Pro Tem. Roger Hernandez has requested the City Council consider re-establishing our
sister city relationship with Toluca, Mexico.
The sister city relationship with the ,City of Toluca, Mexico was established at the April 12, 1965
City Council meeting. Immediately following the City Council meeting, a dedication took place
to name a City street, Toluca Avenue (Across from the Civic Center). Delegates from the City
of Toluca were present for the dedication. The City also participated in exchanges with Toluca,
Mexico, and named a room in City Hall in the City of Toluca's honor. Due to expansion needs,
the room was converted from "The Toluca City Reception Room" to office space for the Risk
Management Department. The relationship with the City of Toluca became inactive in the
1970's.
OPTIONS:
The City Council has a number of alternatives on which they can act.
1. Form a sub -committee to seek the establishment of a sister city with a community in
Mexico to replace the inactive relationship with Toluca, Mexico;
2. Instruct City staff to contact Toluca, Mexico to seek their interest in re-establishing a
sister city relationship with the City of West Covina.
3. Receive and file this informational report;
4. Provide alternative direction.
FISCAL IMPACT:
The fiscal impact is unknown at this time.
Prepared by:
0_a
Chris Freelan
Assistant to the City Manager
Approved by:
Artie A. Fields
Assistant City Manager
Toluca - Wikipedia, the free enclopedia
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Toluca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Toluca (formally: Toluca de Lerdo) is the state
capital of the State of Mexico in central Mexico. It
is a rapidly growing urban area, now the fifth
largest in Mexico. It is located 63 kilometers
(39 mi) west-southwest of Mexico City and only
30 minutes by car from its fast-growing suburb
Santa Fe. Toluca is a very successful industrial
center, commercial, and tourist destination.
Contents
■ 1 Geography
■ 1.1 Geographical features
■ 1.2 Climate
■ 2 Population
■ 3 History
■ 3.1 Prehistoric
■ 3.2 Pre -Columbian era
■ 3.3 Colonial period .
3.4 Independence and post -
independence
4 Etymology
■ 5 Economy
■ 5.1 Airport
5.2 Industrial zone
■ 53 Transportation
6 Education
■ 7 City features
■ 7.1 Temple of La Merced
■ 7.2 Los Portales
. 7.3 Cathedral
■ 7.4 Cosmovitral
■ 7.5 Nevado de Toluca National Park
. 8 Art and culture
■ 8.1 Museums
. 8.2 Food and drinks
• 9 Sport
■ 10 Sister cities
11 See also
■ 12 References
13 External links
Geography
Toluca
Coordinates: �J 19117'N 99139'W
Country
11 Mexico
State
State of Mexico
Municipality
Toluca
Founded
May 19, 1522
Government
- Mayor
Juan Rodolfo Sanchez Gomez
Elevation
2,667 m (8,750 ft)
Population (2005)
- City
747,512
- Metro
1,610,786
- Demonym
Toluqueiio(a)
Time zone. CST (UTC-6)
Postal code 50000-
Area code(s) 722
Website: http://www.toluca.gob.mx/-
The municipality of Toluca, which has a geographical extent of
420.14 kmz (162.2 sq mi), includes numerous communities other
than Toluca de Lerdo, the largest of which are the municipalities of
San Pablo Autopan and San Jose Guadalupe Otzacatipan.
Toluca is surrounded by:
■ North: The municipalities of Almoloya de Juarez, Temoaya,
Otzolotepec and Xonacatlan.
■ East:The municipalities of Xonacatlan, Lerma, San Mateo
Atenco and Metepec.
■ South: The municipalities of Metepec, Calimaya, Tenango
del Valle, Villa Guerrero and Zinacantepec.
■ West: The municipalities of Zinacantepec and Almoloya de
Juarez. P1
Toluca's City Hall.
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Geographical features
The Lerma River flows from lake Almoloya del Rio through the
center of the city towards the west. Along its path it flows into
Lake Chapala. From this point westward the river takes the name
of Rio Grande de Santiago. And it goes from this lake to the
Pacific Ocean in the state of Nayarit. The river is about
1,180 kilometers (733 mi) long; about 60% of,it is known as
Lerma River and 40% as Santiago River.[2] Sun's Lagoon inside the
Nevado de Toluca.
The Nevado de Toluca or Xinant6catl is 30 kilometers (19 mi)
southwest of the city. It is a place of increasing sporting activity,
such as mountain biking, climbing, or high altitude running. It is the only volcano in Mexico that has
two lagoons and can be reached by automobile.
There have been proposals to turn this mountain into a ski hill because of its accessibility and the low
temperatures that exist on the mountain throughout the year, but recent reports on global warming have
raised fears that the snow cap on the mountain will disappear completely within a few decades.[3]
The god Tolo was supposed to have had his principal temple in the volcano: Xinantecatl ("naked man"
in nahuatl) now known as the Nevado de Toluca, because the volcano's form suggests a sleeping god.
Sierra Morelos Park is about 3 kilometers (2 mi) away from the center of Toluca. This is a reforested
area with a small artificial lake, a picnic area and playground. [4]
Climate
The climate is warm and humid with higher
humidity and greater rainfall in the summer. It can
also experience cool weather.U] The climate is the
coolest of any large Mexican city due to its high
altitude of 2,680 metres (8,793, ft) above sea level.
Despite its southerly latitude, on winter nights
temperatures can drop well below 0 °C (32 °F) and
even in the summer it can cool down to 5 °C (41 °F)
or less, while maximum temperatures rarely exceed
27 °C (81 °F) on the hottest days. The climate is
prone to extended dry periods particularly in the
winter. Precipitation during the winter usually falls
as snow in the highlands in areas such as El Nevado
de Toluca and its surroundings. Rain and hail fall in
the summer months. Cool, wet -conditions are
common during the rainy season which extends from
June until October.
Population
Climate chart for Toluca
J F M A M J J A S: O N D
19 20 22 22 .�0 21 2; 21 ')0 19
4 7 S 9 9 8 S 7 4
1 �
15 ,11 13 26 65 132 145 128 97 54 12 7
temperatures M °C • precipitation totals in mm
source: (IJ
Imperial conversion [show]
According to the 2005 census the city of Toluca has
a population of 467,713, and the municipality has a population of 747,512'. The city is the eighth largest
in the State of Mexico in population, whereas the municipality is the fourth largest. Twelve
municipalities make up the metropolitan population of 1,610,786[5] as of 2005, making it the fifth most
populous metropolitan area in Mexico and the largest entirely within the State of Mexico.
History
Prehistoric
Many fossils found in Toluca's valley show that in the past huge animals common to the continent were
settled in the county. These huge animals called Mamutes possibly lived in this area along with the
"Tepexpan Man", whose fossils were found in Texcoco, a municipality close to Toluca.[6]
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Pre -Columbian era
Toluca was founded in 1120 by the Matlatzincas and built in the last colony of Macpatx6chitl. In 1477,
the Aztecs occupied all of the Matlatzincas' territory including Toluca.
There is a hill called Tolochi, which is in the north of the City and used to divide the state in two parts.
The tree of " Las Manitas Rojas", which literally means "little red hands", was founded after several
years in what is now the convent of Nuestra Senora del Carmen, and it shows that Toluca was a little
metropolis because Nahuatl people only created botanical gardens in important places.[71
Colonial period
In 1521 the Spanish conquered the Toluca Valley. Leading the troops was Gonzalo de Sandoval, one of
Cortes' many. sergeants. Toluca's first governor was Pedro Cortes Coyotzin. The'valley of Toluca and
what is now the city of Toluca were included in the concession made by King Carlos V of Spain to
Hernan Cortes as its marquis.
In 1524, the evangelization process started in Toluca. The most notable figure of this effort is Fray
Andres Castro, by making a great number of improvements to the city and being the first one to learn
the native Matlazincan language.
A Spanish community was established in 1530, but it was not until 1677 that Toluca was categorized as
a city. In 1793 the construction of a road to Mexico Citywas started. In 1799, Toluca was officially
named a city by the king of Spain Carlos IV on September 12.[6]
Independence and post -independence
In 1810, at the beginning of the independence movement, Miguel Hidalgo stayed in Toluca for a few
days on his way to Monte de las Cruces. In 1811, a group of `°indigenas" (indigenous natives of Mexico)
was shot and killed by "peninsulares" (Spanish colonials from the Iberian peninsula). In memorial to
those who were killed in this incident, the place where this occurred was named "Plaza of the Martyre
In 1812 the first city council was installed. In 1821, Independence was proclaimed by the local
authorities.
In 1830, Toluca was elevated to be the Constitutional Capital of the State of Mexico. In 1832 the
building of "Los Portales" was started in Toluca's downtown. In 1836 because of the centralization of
the Mexican government, all branches of government were relocated to Mexico City after being in
Toluca for several years.
In 1847, thanks to Ignacio Ramirez "El Nigromante" the Institute of Literature opened. In 1851 the
"Teatro Principal" built by Gonzalez Arratia, was inaugurated. Mariano Riva Palacio was named
governor of the state and he started the most important modernization process of the city of the XIX
century. In 1881, The Industrial Union was founded, the railroad was opened and the Bank of State of
Mexico created the first bills in the country. In 1882 the "Normal de Profesores" was founded. In 1910,
people celebrated a century of Independence, and the "Plaza Espana" was inaugurated.[6]
Etymology
When Toluca was founded by the Matlazincas, its original name was Nepintahihui (land of corn). The
current name is based on the Nahuatl name for the area when it was renamed by the Aztecs in 1473. The
Toluca name has its origin in the word tollocan that comes from the name of the god Tolo (or Tolo +
tzin (honorific)). Tollocan means place of ToloJ81 The name Toluca de Lerdo was adopted in 1861 in
honor of President Sebastidn Lerdo de Tejada.191
Economy
Airport
Toluca is served by Licenciado Adolfo L6pez Mateos International Airport. The airport has a 4200 m
runway and it is located in the central part of the state of Mexico, 15 km away from Toluca and 60 km
away from the countrv's capital, thus serving as an overflow aimort for Mexico Citv.[6]
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This airport has started a development process impulsed by the Federal
and State Government, as well as the private sector, which provided an
investment of almost 3,200 million U.S. dollars in the last 2 years.
This airport has created 4,500 jobs and has contributed to the increase
of commercial activity, also it has attracted many airline passengers
who live in Mexico City who now prefer to come to the Toluca airport,
which represents migration in potential consumers of 2.2 million
passengers in 2007 expecting for 2008 5 millions, this will make
Toluca Airport as the 4th most important in the country.
Industrial zone
Central Toluca.
In 1944, many industries have settled in Toluca rather than in other cities. In 1965, some industries
settled in the industrial zone of Toluca-Lerma-Tianguistenco, that is located on the north side of Toluca.
Toluca is located in the economic zone of the center of Mexico. Toluca has become an important
economic city because of its industries and infrastructure that produce drinks, food, textiles, cars,
electric products and such.
Transportation
Toluca has an infrastructure of highways that connect the city with the main cities of the country,
Toluca's International Airport, Bus Station and many industrial Parks, in which there are many
important companies, such as Mercedes Benz, Coca Cola Femsa, Bimbo, Nissan, and Nestle.1i01
Education
Since Toluca is the capital of the state of Mexico, there are several diverse and important educational
centers such as the state -funded Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, the Direccion General de
Educac16n, and the Servicios Educativos Integrados al Estado. It also is home to major private
universities, including campuses of the Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM) and the Universidad del
Valle de Mexico.
There are currently 574 schools in Toluca, with about 8,320 teachers. The illiteracy rate is 7.33%, which
is considered high.
City features
Some attractive tourist spots include the Zocalo, also known as
Plaza de los Mdrtires, which includes buildings such as the Palace
of the State Government and the Justice Palace (Palacio de
Justicia). To the northeast of the Zocalo is the Cosmovitral, which
is a botanical garden where people can look at a great variety of
different species of plants. There are many colonial -era churches in
the centre of Toluca, the most famous being the Church of the
Santa Veracruz (True Cross) and the Church of Our Lady of
Carmen.
Temple of La Merced
The Temple of La Merced is one of the most ancient convents still
preserved and one of the most important founded by Spaniards. It
is a beautiful building of a religious order called mercenarios, and
it shows architectural styles from the 18th, 19th, and 20th
centuries. Its principal facade has 3 naves and was constructed ithe
18th century on the remains of the old Temple of San Francisco.
The interior of the temple exhibits neoclassical style with gold -
leaf. It features oil paintings from the aforementioned times, such
as the "Birth of San Pedro Nolasco"; founder of the Mercenarios
order. The temple became a hospice for orphans and beggars.
Cama de Piedra.
Los Portales.
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Baroque construction style can be seen in the pilasters, niches and
the order's shield. Inside, you can see paintings of Felipe Gutierrez,
a Mexican painter who graduated from the San Carlos Academy. It
is located in downtown Toluca on Jose Ma. Morelos street.
Los Portales
Los Portales represent the social and commercial life of the city.
They are formed by 3 large corridors full of arches; two sections
were built by Jose Maria Gonzdlez Arratia, partially finished on
February 6, 1832, and completely finished in 1917 by C. Eduardo
Gonzales y Pichardo and General Agustin Millan.
The last time the whole city was redesigned, more arches were
built on the posterior side of the plaza. Here the harmony between
the modern architectural style of the new portals and the old
Baroque style of the cathedral and the Santa Veracruz temple is
highly visible.
Cathedral
A recently constructed building, the Cathedral's construction was
begun March 12, 1867 in what in ancient times was a Franciscan
convent of the 16th Century. The initial project was headed by
architect Ramon Rodriguez Arangoity, but due to a series of
setbacks and modifications, the construction was abandoned. Years
later, the work was restarted by architect Vicente Mendiola, who
finished construction in 1978.
The temple has no style homogeneity, as all its elements are
different. The facade presents neoclassical elements with a baroque
disposition; its first body has a series of double columns with
sculptures, and its second a central figure of Jesus Christ's ascent
to Heaven. It also has double columns; it ends in a triangular front
and a balustrade much like the Mexico City Cathedral.[' 11
Cosmovitral
The Cosmovitral is located in a stone and ironwork building in the
center of Toluca built in 1910 by engineer Manuel Arratia in order
to accommodate the "16 de Septiembre" market. It was constructed
in Art Nouveau and Neoclassical style, with an area of 5,000
square meters. It is now a botanical garden with more than 400
species of plants from all over the world. It also features a series of
stained glass windows that are considered the largest in the world.
These windows were created and designed by a Mexican artist
named Leopoldo Flores. Cosmovitral was inaugurated in 1980 and
completed in 1990. The stained glass ceiling represents the Milky
Way and joins the "Hombre Sol" (Sun Man) with the Galaxy of
Andromeda. It is a monumental piece measuring 3,200 square
meters with more than 30 thousand pieces and half a million glass
pieces of 28 different colors coming from many different parts of
the world such as Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, Japan, Canada
and United States. It has a series of scenes that symbolize man's
search of the light, the good and the wisdom to elevate his spirit to
liberate him from the shadows of evil and the ignorance in an epic
tale without beginning or end. At the spring equinox, the solar disc
crosses the heart of "El hombre Sol" (the sun man), causing an
explosion of light.1121
Nevado de Toluca National Park
Toluca's Cathedral.
Facade Temple of La Merced.
The Cosmovitral.
The Cosmovitral entrance.
Hombre sol (Sun man).
Nevado de Toluca National Park was declared as a National Park in January 1936. It is about 1,517 km2
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(585.7 sq mi) in area.113] Its original name was "Chignahualtecatl" which means "Nine Mountains". But
now it has a new name: "Xinantecatl" which means "Naked Man". The park has forest land, especially
of pines and obeto trees. The prevalent animals are camp rats, teporingos, squirrels, tlacuaches, lizards,
snakes, and eagles.
On the lower part of this mountain there are picnic tables and BBQ grills. In the higher part of the
volcano (inside) there are two lagoons in which visitors can practice scuba -diving and fishing. This
volcano is unique in Mexico in that one can enter the crater by car.[4]
Art and culture
Museums
Toluca, being the capital of the State of Mexico, is home of several important museums. It's second only
to Mexico City in number of museums. Some of them honor important Mexican artists such as Jose
Maria Velasco Gomez, Felipe Santiago Gutierrez, and Luis Nishizawa, among others.
These museums are the following:
■ The Museo de Bellas Artes (Museum of Fine Arts) was found in 1945 by the ex -governor Isidro
Fabela. It is the oldest museum of Toluca. It displays art by Jose Juarez, Cristobal de Villalpando,
Miguel Cabrera, etc.
. The Museo de Ciencias Naturales (Museum of Natural Sciences) is located in Matlatzinca's Park
since 1971. It was found by the ex -governor Carlos Hank Gonzalez. It presents expositions related
to natural sciences. Also it holds Luis Camarena Gonzalez's collections of butterflies, insects,
mammals and crustaceans.
. The Museo de la Estampa (Stamp Museum) was dedicate in 1987 to graphic art. It exposes
lithographic, xylographic, chalcographic, serigraphic, offset and neographic art from Manuel
Manilla, Jose Guadalupe Posada, Carlos Alvarado Lang, Alfredo Zalce, Rufino Tamayo, etc. It
has 7 display rooms and an embossing workshop.
■ The Museo de la Acuarela (Watercolor Museum) was found in 1993. It has rooms dedicated to
Mexican watercolorist artists like Pastor Veldzquez, Vicente Mendiola, Edgardo Coghlan, Ignacio
Barrios and Angel Mauro. It also has a Estado de Mexico room which holds the national contest's
watercolor pieces.
■ The Museo de la Numismdtica (Coin Museum) was found in 1987 by the state's government in
order to show Mexican history's evolution through coins. It is one of a kind in Latin America.'The
collection of bills is very important because of its antiquity.
. The Museo Jose Maria Velasco (Jose Maria Velasco Museum) was found in honor of the most
famous artist of the XIX century. At holds about 40 pieces from the artist Jose Maria Velasco as
well as drawings and oil paintings. It has a library and a central patio where cultural events take
place.
. The Museo Felipe Santiago Gutierrez (Felipe Santiago Gutierrez Museum) shares a room of
Mexican paintings from the XIX century with Jose Maria Velasco's museum. It has a set of 225
oil paintings, watercolors and drawings which reflects Gutierrez's evolution as an artist.
■ The Museo-Taller Luis Nishizawa (Luis Nishizawa Workshop -Museum) was found in honor of
the great artist, Luis Nishizawa in 1992. It has 7 halls; a library specializing in art and an
information center:
. The Museo de Arte Modemo (Museum of Modern Art). It holds a great collection of Mexican
paintings of the XX and XXI centuries. The pieces come from other museums like Bellas Artes as
well as from artist and institution's donations. Some of the artists are Gilberto Navarro, Jose Luis
Cuevas, Siqueiros, Leopoldo Flores, etc.
. The Museo de Culturas Populares (Museum of Popular Cultures) displays a large collection of
crafts. For example there are: wood, textiles, bones; regional candy, glass, seeds, etc. It also has a
room of popular art where regional candies, traditional cuisine, popular toys, etc are presented.
. The Museo de Antropologia e Historia (Museum of Antropology and Histrory). It has a set of
more than 1000 pieces, an introductory room, five archeological rooms, seven ethnographic rooms
and one history room. Its theme is Mexican society's presence through out historic and geographic
evolution, as well as the geopolitical and strategic importance of the state of MexicoJ143
Toluca boasts a high cultural and folkloric diversity which can be appreciated in each one of its
traditional festivities such as the typical solemn "silent procession" that takes place every Holy Friday
when the Catholic congregation from Toluca and its surroundings get together in the centre of the city to
express their respect and devotion for Jesus Christ's sacrifice. Easter and Lent are celebrated in a similar
way.
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N
Orchestras based in Toluca have become very famous because of their directors. Currently there are two
official orchestras: a State one and a Municipal one. The one from the State is the Orquesta Sinfonica
del Estado de Mexico. Higher education intitutions have marching bands, and in some towns there are
wind bands.
The dancing instutitions include the Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura, the IMSS, and DIF. There are also
schools of dance such as the Escuela de Bellas Artes and the UAEM.
There is also a Youth Marching Band of Toluca called "Eagles of Anahuac." This band was formed
about 35 years ago and was the first youth marching band in the country.
Food and drinks
Mexican food mixes European and native elements. In Toluca the most famous dish is chorizo (a kind of
sausage) made of ground pork prepared with a sauce made of tomatoes, pumpkin mole, pipian and other
spices like salt, pepper, white wine, almons, potatoes, vinegar, garlic and chile. Even the word chorizo in
Mexico is synonym of Tolucan. In Toluca, there are other popular dishes like "tacos of carnitas" (pork
cocked meat), or "tacos de plaza" made of barbacoa, pork, chicharron(fried pork rind), papalo (a green
vegetable used here in Mexico to bring a different falvor to the food), onion, cilantro, nopales, beans,
"cueritos", chili sauce, salt and lime.
Although Toluca is well known because of its meat foods, its population rarely eats meat (D' Angeli).
The traditional cuisine includes also vegetables from the region such as "quelites", "quintoniles",
"huazontles", spinach, "verdolagas", carrots, potatoes, tomatoes etc.
Toluca has a variety of traditional candies such as "alegrias", ."jamoncillos" (a candy bar with flavors
such as lemon, pineapple, apple or chocolate), "lemons" (lemons decorated with coconut),
"chilacayotes" (pumpkin in syrup), "cocadas" (mainly made with coconut), "palanquetas" (a nut bar
covered with sugar).
Traditional drinks include "garapinas" and "mosquito". "garapinas" is a non alcoholic pineapple drink
and "mosquito" is an alcoholic drink obtained from the infusion of fruit in alcohol. "mosquito" can be
also flavored with sugar, syrup or honey.[6]
Sport
Toluca is also home of a popular Mexican First Division Soccer team,
the "Diablos Rojos" (Red Devils) of Toluca.
Famous boxers often use Toluca as a training center. These have
included Julio Cesar Chavez and Puerto Rico's Wilfredo Vazquez,
among others.
Former WWF Intercontinental Champion Tito Santana was billed as
hailing from Toluca throughout most of his career.
Sister cities
Nemesio Diez stadium.
Toluca is a part of the Sister Cities International program and maintains cultural and economic exchange
programs with:
Urawa, Japan
Fort Worth, United States (1998)
Suwon, South Korea (1999)
See also
Toluca Valley
References
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1. ^ a b INEGI (1994). "Estadisticas de Toluca", Cuaderno Estadistico Municipal (in Spanish), 1,9.
2. ^ Garcia de Le6n, Porfirio; Fernado Gonzalez de la Vara, Ricardo Jaramillo Luque (1998).
Historia General del Estado de Mexico Volumen 1 Geografia y Arqueologia (in Spanish). Toluca
Mexico: Corporac16n Editorial Mac S.A. de C.V., 39. ISBN 970-669-001-8.
3. ^ World's highest ski resort on cards for Mexico (2004-04-19). Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
4. ^ a b INEGI (1997). "Estado de Mexico " Guia Turistica de Mexico (in Spanish). Aguascalientes
Mexico: INEGI, 175,214. ISBN 970-13-1194-9.
5. ^ Consulta de datos del Conteo 2005. Conteo 2005..INEGI (2005).
6 ^ a b c d e Sanchez, Alfonso; Archete Alfonso (1999). Toluca: Monografia municipal. Toluca,
Estado de Mexico: Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura. ISBN 968-841-374-7.
7. ^ Romero, Javier (1956). El Dios Tolotzin (in Spanish). Mexico: Fondo Mexicano del Libro.
ISBN 0-7869-1850-8.
8. ^ Romero, Javier (1956). El dios Tolotzin (in Spanish). Mexico: Fondo Mexicano del Libro, 105-
115,49. ISBN 0-7869-1850-8.
9. ^ In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Toluca. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
10. ^ Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
11. ^ INEGI (September 2001). Guia Turistica del Estado de Mexico. INEGI, 240-247.
12. ^ Sanchez, Alfonso; Almanza, Rodrigo (October 1989). Vuelo De angeles o demonios, parvada
de prometeos... Cosmovitral de Toluca. Talleres de pliego impresores. ISBN 968-484-012-8.
13. ^ NP NEVADO DE TOLUCA. vivanatura. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
14. ^ Museos de Toluca. ISBN 208/2/024/03.
. Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica,
Geografia e Informatica
■ Mexico Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico
External links
. (Spanish) Ayuntamiento de Toluca Official website
. VisitMexico.com - Tourist information
. Information
■ Toluca Pictures
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluca"
Categories: Cities and towns in the State of Mexico I Mexican state capitals I Settlements established in
1522
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